STATE-OF-THE-ART OF MONOLINGUAL LEXICOGRAPHY FOR SWEDEN

The minireview describes the state-of-the-art of Swedish monolingual lexicography. The main actors in the field, both commercial and non-commercial, are mentioned alongside with the description of lexicographic products that have been offered by them to the lexicon users. The minireview makes it clear that there is an obvious tendency among the Swedish dictionary users to abandon paper-based dictionaries and switch over to online portals and apps, which influences the practices adopted by commercial publishing houses, such as Norstedts, Bonniers, Natur & Kultur. Among the leading non-commercial players, the Swedish Academy, the Swedish Language Bank, Institute for Language and Folklore are named. Swedish monolingual lexicography offers, however, dictionaries produced not only by experts but also by non-experts (i.e. using the efforts of the crowd).

on extensive collections of dialect transcriptions and recordings (Språk-och folkminnen, 2017). This Institute also offers official language counseling, and it provides the monolingual Swedish learner's dictionary Lexin, targeting relatively advanced beginner learners of Swedish. The monolingual version of Lexin has also been the base for about 20 bilingual dictionaries (see below).
The Swedish Language Bank, established already in 1975, and recently granted a status of national infrastructure for providing and maintaining openly available lexical and textual resources, provides several freely available lexical resources. Even though many of the resources are primarily intended for use in language technology applications, they are still very much lexicographical entities. Unique lexicons like SALDO (Borin et al., 2013), Constructicon (Lyngfelt et al. 2018), Swedish FrameNet (Ahlberg et al., 2014), Swesaurus (Borin and Forsberg 2014) and the SIMPLE lexicon (Kokkinakis et al., 2000), often created as a part of research projects, are made freely available through Språkbanken. The lexical search engine Karp (Ahlberg et al., 2016, Borin et al. 2012a) makes it possible to perform searches in several lexicons at the same time. Besides access to lexicons, Språkbanken collects, maintains and provides access to extensive collections of Swedish texts, i.e. corpora. To Swedish lexicographers, especially the ones working at the University of Gothenburg, the corpora in Språkbanken have played a crucial role (Malmgren and Sköldberg, 2013). The large-scale and diverse resources included in Korp (Borin et al., 2012b) can not only support linguistically interested users, but also form the basis of significant theoretical contributions to e.g. lexical semantics and lexical typology. Thus, the infrastructure to access corpora and different kinds of lexical resources in Sweden is in an advanced stage. However, it remains somewhat unclear to what extent Språkbanken's research and resources are known among the general public.

G E N E R A L M O N O L I N G U A L D I C T I O N A R I E S B Y P R O F E S S I O N A L S
As mentioned above, The Swedish Academy plays an important role on the Swedish lexicographical scene. Its major commitment is Ordbok över svenska språket utgiven av Svenska Akademien (i.e. The Swedish Academy Dictionary; SAOB), a comprehensive historical dictionary describing the Swedish language from 1521 and to present time. The first volume of the dictionary was published in 1898 and the latest, number 37, including words beginning with the letter V, was published in 2017. SAOB now holds more than 500,000 headwords. The SAOB is edited in Lund by a staff of about 20 employees. In a couple of years, the editorial board will have reached the last letter in the alphabet (Ö). The revision and update of previous volumes will then be intensified (Rosqvist, 2014;SAOB, 2018).
The most widely recognized dictionary published by the Academy is probably the contemporary Svenska Akademiens ordlista (i.e. The Swedish Academy Glossary; SAOL). SAOL was first published in 1874. A fully revised and updated edition, number 14, was published in 2015 (Malmgren, 2014). SAOL is the unofficial norm for orthography and inflection of contemporary Swedish words and comprises about 126,000 headwords. Even though the semantic description plays a minor role in the glossary, user comments and a study have shown that it is relatively often used to support tasks related to reception (Holmer et al., 2015b). In other words, the dictionary is influential in many ways among the users, but it does not have the same official status in Sweden SO is the newest of the Academy products and so far the least known among (potential) users (see further Malmgren, 2009;Holmer et al., 2015a). The editorial staff of the two contemporary dictionaries is employed by the University of Gothenburg.
The dictionaries published by the Swedish Academy are available in print format (all three of them) but also as apps for iOS and Android (SAOL and SO) and on a coordinated web portal (svenska.se; see below).
The SAOL app has been free of charge since its first launch in 2011. The SO app used to be a paid app (appr. 5 EUROS) when it was launched in 2015, but since Sept. 2017 it is also free of charge. The SAOL app in particular has had many downloads, about 800,000 altogether.
The owners of a whole set of print SAOB volumes are few in number, but the dictionary has also been freely available online since 1997. A new digital version, also for free, is now to be found at saob.se (Bäckerud, 2016). The interface of the website is user-friendly and should satisfy a large number of users.
However, the older version offers more advanced search options which still makes it very relevant to specialists, such as language historians etc. (Petzell, 2017). The proportion of smartphone users of saob.se is quite large, as a result of the editors' decision to focus on a responsive web version.
In September 2017, the Swedish Academy launched its dictionary website, svenska.se. The website allows users to search for headwords in the three Academy dictionary products at the same time. The dictionaries complement each other as they i) cover different periods of time, ii) focus on different aspects of the Swedish vocabulary, and iii) differ in their descriptive/normative aims, respectively. However, only the information from the print editions is shown on the website, which means that relatively new words may not be described. Obviously, it would be practical if the dictionaries were to be updated on a regular basis. So far, there is little user statistics, but the usage is constantly increasing, and the awareness of and knowledge about the site svenska.se among the general public is steadily growing.

M O N O L I N G U A L D I C T I O N A R I E S B A S E D O N C R O W D S O U R C I N G
Of course, there are also Swedish dictionaries based on user-generated content (UGC), created with the help from users. International researchers often study Wiktionary (see e.g. Fuertes-Olivera, 2009;Meyer and Gurevych, 2012;Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer, 2016), but the Swedish version of Wiktionary does not seem to play a particularly central role among Swedish users, and it has so far, to our knowledge, not been the object of any scientific studies. However, content from Swedish Wiktionary has been used in language technology contexts (e.g. Borin and Forsberg, 2014). There are also other online dictionaries with UGC, for example Folkets lexikon (Kann 2010) and Folkmun.se (Sköldberg and Wenner, 2017). The latter is a freely available dictionary that includes slang words and dialectal words, thus supplementing the more comprehensive dictionaries that describe style-neutral words used in major parts of the country.
Finally, in connection to previous studies of UGC dictionaries, the question is raised about how many different users that actually contribute to these dictionaries (see e.g. Wolfer and Müller-Spitzer, 2016). The basic idea is that "everyone can contribute" but the question is whether they do. Sköldberg and Wenner (2018) show that Folkmun.se in total includes about 5,500 entries (Dec. 2016) compiled by about 1,700 unique contributors, which may be considered a relatively satisfying diversity.
According to the Alexa ranking, one of the most frequented Swedish dictionary sites is synonymer.se. The site has been available online for a longer period of time than most of the Academy products, and it generally reaches a high page ranking when users consult a search engine for practically any word.
Synonymer.se combines lexicographically produced content with UGC. The site originally builds upon a print synonym dictionary (published by Bonniers, 2008). Online users are encouraged to add synonyms and new headwords.
Some content origins from another UGC synonym dictionary (cf. Kann and Rosell, 2005). The site owners have also accessed the rights to the monolingual Swedish print dictionary Bonniers svenska ordbok (2010), adding its content to the site (see Holmer and Sköldberg, 2016).

S P E C I A L M O N O L I N G U A L D I C T I O N A R I E S F O R S C H O O L S , F O R E I G N L E A R N E R S E T C .
The specific national curricula for schools have few guidelines concerning the use of dictionaries for native speakers. Several Swedish schools have multi-user licenses on web portals including reference books and dictionaries (like ne.se, which for example includes the comprehensive Nationalencyklopedins ordbok, NEO, from 1995-96). Access to digital devices and the Internet is very high in Sweden in general. Some schools may of course (still) have class sets of a particular printed dictionary in their classroomshypothetically, as a way to train children in using paper-based versions of dictionaries.
One dictionary that has to be mentioned in this context is Lexin (also men- Lexin is a governmental project and product, and is freely available online.
Several private initiatives have also developed smart phone apps for Android based on Lexin.

F I N A L R E M A R K S
The current lexicographic situation in Sweden is somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, the dictionary publishing houses have economic problems as fewer people invest in paper-based dictionaries nowadays compared to 50-20 years ago. The labour market for professional lexicographers is now very limited. Relatively few users are willing to pay for dictionary apps and licenses for Internet dictionaries. On the other hand, there are also positive exceptions on the Swedish lexicographic scene thanks to some non-commercial actors, especially the Swedish Academy and the governmental Institute for Language and Folklore. Furthermore, the Swedish Language Bank (University of Gothenburg) is a nationally and internationally acknowledged research unit in the field of language technology, with one of its special efforts aimed at supporting (as well as initiating and leading) lexicographic projects.
As the Swedish Academy finances monolingual works, the situation for monolingual dictionaries developed by professional lexicographers is better than for bilingual dictionaries, which traditionally have been compiled by publishing houses (cf. Lexin above). One of few exceptions is the site ord.se, which provides monthly subscribers with several bilingual dictionaries. However, some more institutions involved in developing lexicographical products would have been preferable, to provide a wider and more varied description of the Swedish language.